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Backdooring Cryptography - Two characters that break your SSL encryption

In this article, we demonstrate a subtle but devastating backdoor in finite-field Diffie–Hellman. By computing public keys modulo $p^2$ instead of $p$ while restricting the secret exponent to $x \leq p-1$, the discrete logarithm becomes efficiently recoverable using Fermat quotients. We show the full derivation and provide a working Sage implementation. Backdoors are always bad — but they are catastrophic when they are embedded in a fundamental primitive like Diffie–Hellman key exchange. If your browser shows a green lock, you assume your connection is secure. But what if the implementation of Diffie–Hellman contains a tiny change that looks harmless in code review — and yet allows an attacker to recover the private exponent in milliseconds? In this post I’ll show a nasty little backdoor that requires only a tiny modification: using a modulus of $p^2$ instead of $p$, while keeping the secret exponent bounded by $p$ This ...

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No, that is not me. That is a photo of my cute little dog named Mo. We (my wife and i) rescued him from a  killing station in Spain. I wish i had a similar good looking coat and haircut like him.

My name is Christian Schridde and i am living in Germany. I made my PhD in cryptography at the University of Marburg. Meanwhile i am for the Federal Office for Information Security.

I write this blog just for fun and my native interest in all those covered topics.




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  1. RFAEMUFPHZL - CWBYAHUQNBL - MIZCEALCULK - ELYOIECBAQK - BERLINCLOCK

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Kryptos - The Cipher (Part 4) - Correctly positioned decryption of the word BERLIN

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